Electrical Connection:
Effects of Single-Line-to-Ground Faults
Effects of Single-Line-to-Ground Faults
Rich Bingham
If you're confronted with a voltage sag on a three-phase system that you suspect was
caused by a line-to-ground fault, here's a handy table of voltage reductions. |
In an IEEE paper on "The Impact of Voltage Sags of Industrial Plant Loads" by
Charles Smith, Jeff Lamoree, Paul Vinett, Tom Duffy, and Mike
Klein, the following table shows what the transformer secondary voltages would be with
SLTG faults. The table shows the tradeoffs on the impact to the phase voltages that occur,
based on the wiring configuration of the transformer.
(Thanks to David Lubkeman for
spotting and correcting an error.)
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY VOLTAGES (pu)
WITH Single-Line-to-Ground FAULTS
TRANSFORMER CONNECTION
(primary - secondary) |
Phase-to-Phase |
Phase-to-Neutral |
| |
Va |
Vb |
Vc |
Van |
Vbn |
Vcn |
| Grounded wye - grounded wye |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Grounded wye - ungrounded wye |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Ungrounded wye - ungrounded wye |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
0.33 |
0.88 |
0.88 |
| Ungrounded wye - grounded wye |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
0.33 |
0.88 |
0.88 |
| Delta - delta |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
------ |
------ |
------ |
| Ungrounded wye - delta |
0.33 |
0.88 |
0.88 |
------ |
------ |
------ |
| Grounded wye - delta |
1.00 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
------ |
------ |
------ |
| Delta - grounded wye |
0.88 |
0.88 |
0.33 |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
| Delta - ungrounded wye |
0.88 |
0.88 |
0.33 |
0.58 |
1.00 |
0.58 |
For wye-wye and delta-delta connections two phase-to-phase voltages will drop to 58% of
nominal, while the other phase-to-phase is unaffected. However, for delta-wye and
wye-delta connections, one phase-to-phase voltage will be as low as 33% of nominal, while
the other two voltages will be 88% of nominal. It is the circulating fault current in the
delta secondary windings that results in a voltage on each winding.
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Need to pass an electrical exam?
So, you need a state license and must pass a code exam to get it. You
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Let’s assume you don’t like to waste time and money, and
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To
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Step 1: Buy and review a current code book. You can’t know the code
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- See how it’s laid out. Notice which sections provide the
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- Obtain an exam prep course (we offer these for the National
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Step 3: Practice.
- Work all the practice questions that come with the exam materials.
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Passing a code exam is tough for most folks, but easy for some.
Follow these tips and you’ll be in that second group.
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