Electrical Connection:
Harmonic Power Flow Direction
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Harmonic Power Flow Direction
Rich Bingham
Most people in the power engineering field have encountered the question about which
direction the harmonic power is flowing, from the source to the load, or, from the load to
the source. While this is still a controversial topic for some people, the most commonly
accepted practice for determining this is to look at the harmonic watts phase angle, or
the relationship between the voltage and current for a particular harmonic. The same rules
that would be applied to a pure sine wave of voltage and current (which has only a
fundamental frequency component) would be applied here.
The phase relationship between voltage and current with a pure resistive load is zero
degrees, or a power factor of 1. If the load is a pure inductor, then the current lags the
voltage by 90 degrees, which is normally displayed as a +90 degrees. If the load is pure
capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees, so the phase angle is called -90
degrees. This is so that the power factor of an inductive and resistive load would be a
positive number between 0 and 1, while a capacitive and resistive load would be a negative
number.
If the phase angle between the voltage and current is more than 90 degrees apart, this
usually means that the current probe used with a power/harmonic meter or analyzer is
placed in opposite direction of the assumed power flow. Most current probes have an arrow
that should be pointing in the direction from the source to the load, which is the normal
direction of power flow. When the phase angle of the harmonic voltage and current is
between 90 degrees and 270 degrees (270 is also referred to as -90 degrees) on a properly
installed CT, then it is assumed that this harmonic power flow is in the opposite
direction of the fundamental power flow, or from load to source.
In some Dranetz-BMI products, this is indicated by the words SOURCE or LOAD next to the
printout of each harmonic watt. In other products, you have to look at the phase angle of
the harmonic watts to determine where it falls. The user must be cautioned that in a
number of measurements, the harmonic current and voltage levels are so low that the
harmonic watts number is so small that it may be meaningless, as would be the direction of
power flow information. For example, if on a 120V/30A circuit, there is a 5th harmonic
voltage of 0.05 V and harmonic current of 0.2 A, 0.01W is really insignificant and the
accuracy of the direction is very low.
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Need to pass an electrical exam?
So, you need a state license and must pass a code exam to get it. You
can choose between taking the test and hoping for the best (the usual
approach), or preparing for the exam and passing with flying colors the
first time.
Let’s assume you don’t like to waste time and money, and
don’t want to wait six months or longer for a retest. That assumption
means you must know how to prepare for the exam.
To
prepare for electrical code exams, click here.
Step 1: Buy and review a current code book. You can’t know the code
unless you read it.
- See how it’s laid out. Notice which sections provide the
definitions, purpose, limitations, and applicability of the code.
Then, notice which sections apply to general circumstances and which
to special circumstances.
- Carefully read the definitions. Make it a point to carefully read
one definition each day between now and the test day.
- Note the major divisions, categories, or chapters. You may find it
beneficial to read a separate book on those general topics you have
no knowledge of—don’t count this toward your exam study time,
but do it if you need to. If time is short, skim the supplemental
books—read the headings, then read the first three chapters. That’s
generally all you’ll need to do to get a general understanding of
the topic.
Step 2: Study
- Obtain an exam prep course (we offer these for the National
Electrical Code).
- Set aside 6 hours per week to study. One way to divide up the 6
hours is to use one hour every night except Wednesday, and then
study for 2 hours on Saturday. Whatever regimen you set up, make
sure you stick with it. Provided you have several months prior to
the exam, it will not be necessary to study more than the 6 hours.
If you have less time than that, schedule two or three sessions with
someone who can tutor you, and interleave these with your
self-study. Trying to proceed with too difficult a study program
leads to burnout.
- Don’t have a supply of chips and other junkfood on hand. Declare
your study time a "no food zone." Drinking water is fine—nothing
else, though. The last thing you want to do is emerge from your
study efforts with two additional inches of waistline. Absolutely no
food or water while practicing taking the exam.
Step 3: Practice.
- Work all the practice questions that come with the exam materials.
- Make a photocopy of the practice exam that was in your exam prep
materials. If you have no such exam, prepare your own. A few weeks
before the exam, take your sample exam once, and then carefully
research your answers. Study again wherever you had difficulty. This
differs from taking a previous exam, because in this case you have
the answers. If you do develop your own, try simply modifying the
previous exam and coming up with answers. When you take the exam as
practice, do so under the exam time limits.
- Two weeks before the real exam, take the sample exam again. Study
where you had weaknesses.
Passing a code exam is tough for most folks, but easy for some.
Follow these tips and you’ll be in that second group.
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