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Electrical Connection: Harmonic Power Flow Direction

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This article brought to you by: http://www.dranetz-bmi.com

 

Harmonic Power Flow Direction

Rich Bingham

Most people in the power engineering field have encountered the question about which direction the harmonic power is flowing, from the source to the load, or, from the load to the source. While this is still a controversial topic for some people, the most commonly accepted practice for determining this is to look at the harmonic watts phase angle, or the relationship between the voltage and current for a particular harmonic. The same rules that would be applied to a pure sine wave of voltage and current (which has only a fundamental frequency component) would be applied here.

The phase relationship between voltage and current with a pure resistive load is zero degrees, or a power factor of 1. If the load is a pure inductor, then the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees, which is normally displayed as a +90 degrees. If the load is pure capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees, so the phase angle is called -90 degrees. This is so that the power factor of an inductive and resistive load would be a positive number between 0 and 1, while a capacitive and resistive load would be a negative number.

If the phase angle between the voltage and current is more than 90 degrees apart, this usually means that the current probe used with a power/harmonic meter or analyzer is placed in opposite direction of the assumed power flow. Most current probes have an arrow that should be pointing in the direction from the source to the load, which is the normal direction of power flow. When the phase angle of the harmonic voltage and current is between 90 degrees and 270 degrees (270 is also referred to as -90 degrees) on a properly installed CT, then it is assumed that this harmonic power flow is in the opposite direction of the fundamental power flow, or from load to source.

In some Dranetz-BMI products, this is indicated by the words SOURCE or LOAD next to the printout of each harmonic watt. In other products, you have to look at the phase angle of the harmonic watts to determine where it falls. The user must be cautioned that in a number of measurements, the harmonic current and voltage levels are so low that the harmonic watts number is so small that it may be meaningless, as would be the direction of power flow information. For example, if on a 120V/30A circuit, there is a 5th harmonic voltage of 0.05 V and harmonic current of 0.2 A, 0.01W is really insignificant and the accuracy of the direction is very low.

This article brought to you by: http://www.dranetz-bmi.com

 

 

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Need to pass an electrical exam?

So, you need a state license and must pass a code exam to get it. You can choose between taking the test and hoping for the best (the usual approach), or preparing for the exam and passing with flying colors the first time.

Let’s assume you don’t like to waste time and money, and don’t want to wait six months or longer for a retest. That assumption means you must know how to prepare for the exam.

To prepare for electrical code exams, click here.

Step 1: Buy and review a current code book. You can’t know the code unless you read it.

  • See how it’s laid out. Notice which sections provide the definitions, purpose, limitations, and applicability of the code. Then, notice which sections apply to general circumstances and which to special circumstances.
     
  • Carefully read the definitions. Make it a point to carefully read one definition each day between now and the test day.
     
  • Note the major divisions, categories, or chapters. You may find it beneficial to read a separate book on those general topics you have no knowledge of—don’t count this toward your exam study time, but do it if you need to. If time is short, skim the supplemental books—read the headings, then read the first three chapters. That’s generally all you’ll need to do to get a general understanding of the topic.

Step 2: Study

  • Obtain an exam prep course (we offer these for the National Electrical Code).
  • Set aside 6 hours per week to study. One way to divide up the 6 hours is to use one hour every night except Wednesday, and then study for 2 hours on Saturday. Whatever regimen you set up, make sure you stick with it. Provided you have several months prior to the exam, it will not be necessary to study more than the 6 hours. If you have less time than that, schedule two or three sessions with someone who can tutor you, and interleave these with your self-study. Trying to proceed with too difficult a study program leads to burnout.
     
  • Don’t have a supply of chips and other junkfood on hand. Declare your study time a "no food zone." Drinking water is fine—nothing else, though. The last thing you want to do is emerge from your study efforts with two additional inches of waistline. Absolutely no food or water while practicing taking the exam.

Step 3: Practice.

  • Work all the practice questions that come with the exam materials.
     
  • Make a photocopy of the practice exam that was in your exam prep materials. If you have no such exam, prepare your own. A few weeks before the exam, take your sample exam once, and then carefully research your answers. Study again wherever you had difficulty. This differs from taking a previous exam, because in this case you have the answers. If you do develop your own, try simply modifying the previous exam and coming up with answers. When you take the exam as practice, do so under the exam time limits.
     
  • Two weeks before the real exam, take the sample exam again. Study where you had weaknesses.

Passing a code exam is tough for most folks, but easy for some. Follow these tips and you’ll be in that second group.

 

 
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